What Is Heat Current in Physics

The heat current is the rate at which heat is transferred over time. Because it is a rate of heat energy over time, the SI unit of heat current is joule per second, or watt (W). Heat flows through material objects through the conduction, with heated particles imparting their energy to neighboring particles. Scientists studied the flow of heat through materials well before they even knew that the materials were made up atoms, and heat current is one of the concepts that was helpful in this regard. Even today, though we understand heat transfer to be related to the movement of individual atoms, in most situations it is impractical and unhelpful to try to think of the situation in that way, and stepping back to treat the object on a larger scale is the most appropriate way to study or predict the movement of heat. Mathematics of Heat Current Because heat current represents the flow of heat energy over time, you can think about it as representing a tiny amount of heat energy, dQ (Q is the variable commonly used to represent heat energy), transmitted over a tiny amount of time, dt. Using the variable H to represent heat current, this gives you the equation: H dQ / dt If youve taken pre-calculus or calculus, you might realize that a rate of change like this is a prime example of when you would want to take a limit as the time approaches zero. Experimentally, you can do that by measuring the heat change at smaller and smaller time intervals. Experiments conducted to determine the heat current have identified the following mathematical relationship: H dQ / dt kA (TH - TC) / L That may seem like an intimidating array of variables, so lets break those down (some of which have already been explained): H: heat currentdQ: small amount of heat transferred over a time dtdt: small amount of time over which dQ was transferredk: thermal conductivity of the materialA: cross-sectional area of the objectTH - TC: the temperature difference between the warmest and coolest temperatures in the materialL: the length across which the heat is being transferred   Theres one element of the equation that should be considered independently: (TH - TC) / L This is the temperature difference per unit length, known as the temperature gradient. Thermal Resistance In engineering, they often use the concept of thermal resistance, R, to describe how well a thermal insulator prevents heat from transferring across the material. For a slab of material of thickness L, the relationship for a given material is R L / k, resulting in this relationship: H A(TH - TC) / R

The Crisis Of Nigeria, Azerbaijan, Sudan, And Lebanon Essay

Many nations around the world refine oil. Based on the number of barrels refined during the first three months of 2016, the countries that refined the most oil were: Russia (10.5 million BPD), Saudi Arabia (10 million BPD), the United States (9.2 million BPD), Iraq (4.3 million BPD) and China (4.1 million BPD). (CNNMoney, 2016) Just as there are many oil-producing states in the United States that do not have refineries, there are entire nations that are impacted by having a lack of refineries. A few oil-rich nations that are negatively impacted by a lack of refineries include: Nigeria, Russia, Sudan, Cyprus, and Lebanon. â€Å"Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world s fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off).† (British Petroleum, 2016) Nigeria is a member of OPEC. Although Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, its production is affected by unplanned outages; some that have been estimated to have been up to 500,000 BPD. (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016) Nigeria’s petroleum industry is impacted by regulatory uncertainty, corruption, mismanagement of oil subsidies, oil theft, sabotage, environmental damages, and piracy in offshore West Africa. Instability in the Niger Delta has resulted in significant amounts ofShow MoreRelatedDomestic and External International Factors on African Macroeconomic Formulation.4066 Words   |  16 Pagesmacroeconomic policies of African governments. 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American Society of Clinical Oncology †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Answer: Introduction: The advancement of Medical Science has put pressure on the Healthcare industry as of late as since the rise of clinical conditions has evolved with human civilization. The constant pressure on the Healthcare industry has subjected them to provide and develop standards of practices and guidelines that help in achieving better patient outcome minimizing the risk as much as possible (Stamatakis Weiler Ioannidis, 2013). Utilising and adhering to these guidelines helps Healthcare providers make chemical decisions faster. Guidelines provide the practitioners as well as the patients space to discuss clinical problems together and form the best possible outcome and ensuring clinical safety (Party, 2012).. There are a number of aspects, which is covered in those guidelines like ethical considerations, standards of practice, and steps of decision-making, communication and patient engagement skills and credibility accountability and responsibility of the Healthcare providers (Guthrie, 2012). T he guidelines also provide instructions with respect to the clinical condition and plants ok Diagnostic or screening tests interventions along with rationale. Every country has their own set of standard guidelines, which records the socio-economic condition of the country to achieve maximum Healthcare output keeping in mind the target demographic and specific needs of the country (Mueller, Compher Ellen, 2011). The aim of this essay is to analyse the limitations and benefit that can be acquired from clinical guidelines. Further, an in-depth discussion will be provided about the application of guardianship process adult in patients in New South Wales Australia. It is important to assess the limitations and benefits and formulate evaluation to understand the objective of these guidelines and whether or not it helps achieving in the best possible outcome for the ailing patients. According to a research, conducted by Alonso-Coello and group, the clinical guidelines have been improved in many countries, like, America, Australia, New Zealand as well as Africa are now investing in framing policies and Standards of practice. This can be implemented in the clinical guidelines and help developing the Healthcare industry to address the specific needs of the respective countries (Alonso-Coello et al., 2010). The factors that led to the development clinical guidelines are increased demand of care modern technology and ageing population. These factors create disproportion amongst the Healthcare services affected by the social and economical determinants of health for which it is difficult for the health care providers to maintain best patient outcome (Boivin et al., 2010). Since, the Healthcare industry has emerged from a social service to a full-fledged commercial industry. Vast amounts of money are being invested, research is being conducted, academic courses are bei ng taught and millions of professionals are making their way to build a career. Therefore, it is expected that consistency and efficiency in the care service will be provided to the patient. The first and foremost benefit of clinical guidelines is to provide state of the art quality of care service to the patients. It is observed that this form of efficiency requires hard work and rigorous evaluation on the practitioners part to provide the best care possible. Evaluation of good clinical practice and with respect to clinical guidelines is observed when improved health is achieved (Yancy et al., 2013). The guidelines also dispose of ineffective clinical practices through their instructions that minimize the risk of morbidity and mortality rates. Clinical guidelines also help in maintaining consistency of the care irrespective of the socio-economic determinants of health (Party, 2012). Clinical guidelines, sometimes, acts as an important source for patient education, regarding various diseased conditions. Most of the time, these clinical guidelines are printed in paper or provided in the internet, for readers to learn about policies and gather information about the various techniques as well as medication involved in the care plan (Kim, Puymon, Qin, Guru Mohler, 2013). These guidelines help patients in engaging themselves in self-assessment care. They can also participate in the care plan provided by the practitioner and co-operate accordingly without having to be informed about their consent in the procedure (Wolff et al., 2013). Clinical guidelines help patients for improving public policy and draw the attention to recognize common health problems clinical services and preventive interventions (Clark, 2011). Clinical guidelines provide professionals helps service providers, governing organizations, policy makers reduce the chances of hospital outlays and reduce clinical errors reduce of medication, surgical procedures and other procedures. Adhering to these clinical guidelines helps maintaining the public image and sending positive message to the public (Bos et al., 2017). Clinical guidelines have limitations as well, that sometimes leads to harmful effects on patients, practitioners and stakeholder in the healthcare industry. Those limitations are described in this section in detail. Clinical guidelines often lack the rationale used for performing certain procedures, which is subjected to misunderstanding, misinterpretation and misdirection. Recommendation provided in the clinical guidelines is not appropriately tested and lacks proper study designs. The guidelines makers often do not put effort, resources into understanding the depth of the recommendations, scrutiny for each step is not followed which makes the guidelines accurate (Waxman, 2010). In conditions where the guidelines are accurate, the interventional procedures will be evaluated by pro or con based on the mutual benefit of the caregiver and the patient. This kind of evaluation may not be appropriate for certain patients (Balshem et al., 2011). The development group is influenced by the clinical expertise or common knowledge regarding a certain type of condition which is subjected to change with time. Therefore keeping updated information regarding the recommendations in the guidelines is very important to save money, labour and clinical error. This kind of practice also gives space to conflict in data, misconception incorporation and mis-presentation of popular knowledge (Latham et al., 2012). The recommendation in the guideline is not always focused on the benefit of the patient. Cost control, societal responsibility and protection of practitioners are generally carried out in accordance to the benefit of the healthcare facility. The clinical guidelines also sometimes have different terms and condition for patients with a multiple diseases condition (Hughes, McMurdo Guthrie, 2012). Sometimes, in these guidelines, promoting false guidelines, practice and irrational intervention is encouraged to ensure profit of the healthcare system. The most important disadvantage of clinical guidelines is that patient safety can be put in jeopardy, if flawed, sub-standard and harmful clinical practice is followed. Many times, a certain guideline regarding a particular treatment is inflexible, meaning the patients objection will not be taken into consideration in times of intervention. Additionally, these inflexible terms hamper personalized patient-centered care for an individual. These conditions do not take consideration of the patient history, approval or consent, which gives way for clinical errors. Incorrect diagnostic guidelines often lead to wrong presentation or intervention which ultimately leads to negative health outcome (Lindor, Kowdley Harrison, 2015). Inaccuracy of the scientific data and evidence compromises the quality of care provided to the patient. This creates dispute among practitioners and they tend to resist the guidelines at times due to more required effort (Cook et al., 2018). Practitioners also sometimes find loopholes to avoid effort in clinical care. They tend to assuage from clinical guidelines that use terms like should, may, et cetera. Clinical guidelines also proper certain time frame for a particular intervention, this is difficult for the patient as many times, patients require prolonged care to achieve improved health but conflict in the given time frame will not allow the patient enough time to recover under vigilance of the practitioner. Another important disadvantage is that the development of clinical guidelines are prepared often, by using algorithms, which evaluates binary codes, number, and sequences, which evaluate the performance of practitioners. These algorithms do not take into consideration the medical complexities and effort that goes in clinical care. The auditors, policy makers and managers evaluate the performance of the workforce, which is unfair (Anderson et al., 2012). Guidelines sometimes compel the healthcare giver to refer or let go of a particular patient of the disease condition is variable from his or her own specific background. This practice breaks the flow of care as every practitioner has a different approach to achieve good patient outcome, the transferred practitioner may not work properly for the patient. Critical analysis of a given Guidelines Paper The concept of guardianship is generally directed for geriatric patients who need constant care and support without which the patient condition will be in jeopardy (Lindor, Kowdley Harrison, 2015). The duty of such a guardian is to take lifestyle decisions and provide necessary consent for health related treatments. It is important for patient to know about the about the application procedure of such facilities for both patients and healthcare providers as well as policy makers. Providing readers with this information is the main objective of the given paper. The essay aims to focus to assess the guidelines provided by the Australia based organization who released a report provided by the New South Wales, nursing and midwifery staff and assess the current guidelines provided regarding the guardianship application process for adult inpatients in the healthcare facilities of NSW (Carney, 2012). The following aspects of the report provided will be assessed critically to analyse the efficiency of the technique of guardianship. The questions that are required to be answered to assess the paper are as follows: Is the guidelineevidenced based? - Yes is the guidelineAustralian?- Yes is the guidelinecurrent?- Yes, the paper was published on June of 2017 is the guidelinefreely available?- Yes is a funding statement included in the guideline?- No Was the guideline developed in a transparent manner with potential conflicts of interest stated?- Yes Was the guideline developed under the auspices of a professional college or association? - Yes The following section of the paper will be discussed in detail to understand the objective of the papers and provide insight for the critical analysis of the paper. Assessment of clinical guidelines is done by evaluating the quality of methodologies undertaken the contributions which are essential to the topic in hand. Guidelines must satisfy the initial statement rapidly assess quality and utility of the health force. First and foremost the paper provides an outline forest aims and objectives and a specific background introducing the topic of guardianship in New South Wales Australia. It is mentioned that the NCAT receive 5 different type of applications in the Healthcare sector, the first and foremost being application for guardianship, next financial management review of the existing power of attorney for the guardianship orders, consents regarding medical and Dental treatments and lastly clinical trial approval application. The growing sector of the guardianship application is so demanding that almost 18 patients every month or wait for their guardianship hearing and approval. Objective of the report is to provide basic outlook for professio nal practitioners in health as well as nursing and midwifery workforce understand their role as a healthcare giver regarding guardianship demands. The paper also provides definitions and descriptions of the key terms which can be utilized for education purposes and understanding the concept of guardianship care. The report provides a description of the legal as well as legislation structure that define the capacity of the government healthcare workforce and the principles of the Guardianship Act of 1987. Paper clearly describes the responsibilities of the policymakers, practitioners, nurses, medical teams, social media workers, as well as the health associate Healthcare professionals in the workforce. The paper also provides alternative method for people who are reluctant to undertake guardianship of their own health. The types of and applications the NCAT receives is described in brief in the report. The paper provides a brief description of the guardianship procedure. Starting fro m assessment of risk of the patient, whether or not the condition of the patient requires consultations from other professionals, evaluation that determines the mental capacity of the patient to take such a decision, the time for application to the NCAT the process of submitting the application, the documents, reports and information the patient needs to gather before applying to the NCAT for guardianship facility the time frame for which the patient will have to wait until the permission is granted is provided (Johnson, Schyvens Maloney, 2017). The paper also focuses on the drawbacks of the guardianship ship facility that is when the caregiver is not being able to provide the proper care in the guardianship facility. The process of the court hearing and the time that will be needed to grant permission for guardianship. Further, the paper also focuses on financial as well as different health sectors that will be addressed in the guardianship facility. The paper also mentions that the Tribunal group will provide the patient with the decision after the end of the hearing process there after the guardianship facility will be provided to the patient immediately. The paper also addresses emergency, when the decision of the guardian is disregarded by the patient or their family, during crisis (McCullagh, 2016). In these cases the guardian has been given a set of actions that they need to follow, which includes consoling the patient time of crisis, consultation with another medical professional, if not appropriate and lodging an ap plication for the Tribunal hearing. Withdrawal situations from the application, is also provided in the report it shows that patients can provide another application requesting a withdrawal to the Tribunal (Lucy, 2013). In the end of the report, a case scenario is provided depicting the application for guardianship which will allow the readers to specifically understand the criteria and the process of filling up the guideline form links are provided to online form fill up websites as well as information regarding the procedure. Although, the paper addresses the process of guideline application, the policy manual which holds the terms and conditions seem to be missing from the report, which is a major drawback from the authors part. The papers main reader demographic are medical and nursing as well as allied health professionals healthcare providers as well as health organizations part it is not as well directed for the patient which is another drawback in the report. Patients who do not belong to the healthcare industry will find it a little difficult to assess and learn the importance of guardianship from the report (Eccles, Grimshaw, Shekelle, Schnemann Woolf, 2012). The paper is well circulated within the Health Organization, stakeholders, local health districts and The Ministry of Health as well as government corporations in Australia. The paper claims from the publisher that the report and its policies are subject to variation withdrawal or replacement at any given point of time this gives room for opportunist room to practice malice. The paper also does not discuss the sectors and types of health conditions, which are eligible to apply for guardianship purposes, which can be misleading for Healthcare prof essionals and potential Guardians to provide rationale for their action plans. Although, set of potential risks is provided, this makes the Healthcare professionals understand the scenarios for guardianship. The cost for applying for the guardian facility is not mentioned in the paper, which will be difficult for the patients or their families who are applying or wanting to apply for guardianship to understand. The overall purpose of the paper is quite clear, in regards to the topic and proper description of the procedure of application is provided, for the better understanding of Healthcare professionals but the patient for their family not belonging to a legal or Healthcare industry will find the difficult to understand and maybe mislead it as mentioned earlier the report does not provide proper policy (Hunziker et al., 2011). It is advised to general readers at patients that they refer to other reports forgiving education about the guardianship procedure and the risks that are re lated in this sector. Conclusion: The Healthcare industry is very much dependent on the recommendations and procedures provided in clinical guidelines. Patient outcome and safety is also dependent on the quality of the clinical guidelines provided. Potential professional risk for success of the Healthcare professionals providing the care service is also dependent on the quality of these guidelines. It has to be kept in mind that not all clinical guidelines and patient centric meaning there will be hidden agendas and policies, which might potentially cause harm to the patient outcome as well as put the professional career of the Healthcare professionals in jeopardy. In general, the aim of clinical guidelines is to provide the pair operations as well as practitioners to control the cost of Healthcare and we hospitalization to minimize the risk of clinical practice. Effort research clinical data put in for development of a clinical guideline for which a group of dedicated honest and efficient work force is required. A w ell-balanced clinical guideline will contain benefits for patients, practitioners, stakeholders, auditors as well as legal Associates and provide an all rounded service for achieving better patient outcome and maintaining the business profit of the industry. The provided paper depicting the guidelines for application of guardianship in Australia was critically analyze to find that although being technically sound regarding process and procedure off the guardianship facility the report is directed towards Healthcare professionals and not common readers and patients. A sound clinical guideline is expected to reach out to both the general population including patients as well as Healthcare professionals to build a better workforce and good patient communication. Clarity regarding the issue and expense should be included in a clinical guideline to minimize the risk of misunderstanding or misleading on the bears behalf. This would ensure that the Healthcare plan is not altered on inhibit ed in a time of crisis. Proper promotion and maintenance image as well as availability of all the documents two leaders and practitioners alike is essential for the benefit of both parties involved. References: Alonso-Coello, P., Irfan, A., Sol, I., Gich, I., Delgado-Noguera, M., Rigau, D., ... Schunemann, H. (2010). The quality of clinical practice guidelines over the last two decades: a systematic review of guideline appraisal studies.Qual Saf Health Care,19(6), e58-e58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2010.042077 Anderson, J. L., Horne, B. D., Stevens, S. M., Woller, S. C., Samuelson, K. M., Mansfield, J. W., ... Huntinghouse, J. A. (2012). Randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing: CoumaGen-II.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-111. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.070920 Balshem, H., Helfand, M., Schnemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., ... Guyatt, G. H. (2011). GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence.Journal of clinical epidemiology,64(4), 401-406. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 Boivin, A., Currie, K., Fervers, B., Gracia, J., James, M., Marshall, C., ... van der Weijden, T. (2010). Patient and public involvement in clinical guidelines: international experiences and future perspectives.BMJ Quality Safety, qshc-2009. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2009.034835 Bos, J. M., Natsch, S., van den Bemt, P. M., Pot, J. L., Nagtegaal, J. E., Wieringa, A., ... Kramers, C. (2017). A multifaceted intervention to reduce guideline non-adherence among prescribing physicians in Dutch hospitals.International journal of clinical pharmacy,39(6), 1211-1219. doi: 10.1007/s11096-017-0553-0 Carney, T. (2012). Guardianship,social citizenship and theorising substitute decision-making law. InBeyond Elder Law(pp. 1-17). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-25972-2_1 Clark, D. M. (2011). Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: the IAPT experience.International Review of Psychiatry,23(4), 318-327. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.606803 Cook, D. A., Pencille, L. J., Dupras, D. M., Linderbaum, J. A., Pankratz, V. S., Wilkinson, J. M. (2018). Practice variation and practice guidelines: Attitudes of generalist and specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants.PloS one,13(1), e0191943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191943 Eccles, M. P., Grimshaw, J. M., Shekelle, P., Schnemann, H. J., Woolf, S. (2012). Developing clinical practice guidelines: target audiences, identifying topics for guidelines, guideline group composition and functioning and conflicts of interest.Implementation science,7(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-7-60 Guthrie, B., Payne, K., Alderson, P., McMurdo, M. E., Mercer, S. W. (2012). Adapting clinical guidelines to take account of multimorbidity.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),345. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e6341 Hughes, L. D., McMurdo, M. E., Guthrie, B. (2012). Guidelines for people not for diseases: the challenges of applying UK clinical guidelines to people with multimorbidity.Age and ageing,42(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs100 Hunziker, S., Schlpfer, M., Langewitz, W., Kaufmann, G., Nesch, R., Battegay, E., Zimmerli, L. U. (2011). Open and hidden agendas of" asymptomatic" patients who request check-up exams.BMC family practice,12(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-12-22 Johnson, A., Schyvens, M., Maloney, D. (2017). Mental health: Coercive treatment options for anorexia under the'Mental Health'and'Guardianship Acts'.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (37), 86. Kim, H. L., Puymon, M. R., Qin, M., Guru, K., Mohler, J. L. (2013). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Retrieved from: https://www.jnccn.org/content/8/2.toc.pdf Latham, T., Malomboza, O., Nyirenda, L., Ashford, P., Emmanuel, J., M'baya, B., Bates, I. (2012). Quality in practice: implementation of hospital guidelines for patient identification in Malawi.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,24(6), 626-633.https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzs038 Lindor, K. D., Kowdley, K. V., Harrison, M. E. (2015). ACG clinical guideline: primary sclerosing cholangitis.The American journal of gastroenterology,110(5), 646. doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.112 Lucy, J. (2013). The Demise of the Guardianship Tribunal and the Rise of the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal.Elder L. Rev.,7, 1. Retrieved from: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/elr7div=10id=page= McCullagh, R. (2016). Guardianship: NCAT guardianship division's reviews of enduring powers of attorney.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (28), 86. Retrieved from: https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=424345731659844;res=IELHSS Mueller, C., Compher, C., Ellen, D. M. (2011). ASPEN Clinical guidelines.Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,35(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607110389335 Party, I. S. W. (2012). National clinical guideline for stroke. ISBN 9781860164927 Stamatakis, E., Weiler, R., Ioannidis, J. (2013). Undue industry influences that distort healthcare research, strategy, expenditure and practice: a review.European journal of clinical investigation,43(5), 469-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12074 Waxman, K. T. (2010). The development of evidence-based clinical simulation scenarios: Guidelines for nurse educators.Journal of Nursing Education,49(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20090916-07 Wolff, A. C., Hammond, M. E. H., Hicks, D. G., Dowsett, M., McShane, L. M., Allison, K. H., ... Hanna, W. (2013). Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update.Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,138(2), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0953-SA Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Drazner, M. H., ... Johnson, M. R. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,62(16), e147-e239. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019